What type of breathing pattern is characterized by a period of deep breathing followed by a period of apnea?

The breathing pattern characterized by a period of deep breathing followed by a period of apnea is known as Cheyne-Stokes respiration. This pattern is typically seen in various medical conditions, particularly in patients with heart failure, stroke, or in cases of increased intracranial pressure.

Cheyne-Stokes respiration involves cycles of hyperventilation (deep, rapid breaths) that gradually decrease in depth and frequency, leading to a temporary cessation of breathing (apnea). This cycle then repeats. The underlying mechanism is thought to be related to changes in carbon dioxide and oxygen levels, which impact the brain's respiratory centers.

In contrast, hypopnea refers to shallow or slow breathing without the alternating apneic phase. Kussmaul respiration is characterized by deep, labored breathing often associated with metabolic acidosis, particularly in diabetic ketoacidosis. Apneustic breathing features a prolonged inspiratory phase followed by a pause before exhalation, not alternating periods of deep breathing and apnea. Understanding these distinctions helps to identify and manage underlying respiratory conditions effectively.